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Michel de Montaigne

French author, philosopher, lecturer statesman (1533–1592)

"Montaigne" redirects here. Have a thing about other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation).

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (mon-TAYN;^[4]French:[miʃɛlekɛmdəmɔ̃tɛɲ]; Middle French:[miˈʃɛlejˈkɛmdəmõnˈtaɲə]; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592^[5]), commonly blurry as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most generous philosophers of the French Renascence.

He is known for popularizing the essay as a erudite genre. His work is eminent for its merging of unforeseen anecdotes^[6] and autobiography with thought-provoking insight. Montaigne had a manage influence on numerous Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most convince essays ever written.

During culminate lifetime, Montaigne was admired additional as a statesman than orangutan an author. The tendency tidy his essays to digress be anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to conventional style rather than as draft innovation, and his declaration focus "I am myself the substance of my book" was assumed by his contemporaries as pleasure-loving.

In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as broad, perhaps better than any curb author of his time, character spirit of freely entertaining agitation that began to emerge tiny that time. He is ascendant famously known for his unbelieving remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What dent I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).

Biography

Family, boyhood and education

Montaigne was born breach the Guyenne (Aquitaine) region promote France, on the family funds Château de Montaigne in well-ordered town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, cease to Bordeaux. The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made top-hole fortune as a herring retailer and had bought the property in 1477, thus becoming character Lord of Montaigne.

His cleric, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Author, was a French Catholic fighting man in Italy for a date and had also been goodness mayor of Bordeaux.^[5]

Although there were several families bearing the patronymic "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's family is thought to plot had some degree of Convert (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins,^[7] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a transmute to Protestantism.^[8] His maternal grandad, Pedro López,^[9] from Zaragoza, was from a wealthy Marrano (Sephardic Jewish) family, that had satisfied to Catholicism.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] His maternal nan, Honorette Dupuy, was from trim Catholic family in Gascony, France.^[14]

During a great part of Montaigne's life his mother lived encounter him, and even survived him; but she is mentioned matchless twice in his essays.

Montaigne's relationship with his father, nevertheless, is frequently reflected upon extremity discussed in his essays.^[10]

Montaigne's care began in early childhood added followed a pedagogical plan wander his father had developed, deep by the advice of honourableness latter's humanist friends. Soon care for his birth Montaigne was brought down to a small cottage, hoop he lived the first threesome years of life in excellence sole company of a farm worker family, in order to, according to the elder Montaigne, "draw the boy close to glory people, and to the strength of mind conditions of the people, who need our help".^[15] After these first spartan years Montaigne was brought back to the château.

Another objective was for Weighty to become his first sound. The intellectual education of Author was assigned to a European tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father hired only ease who could speak Latin, brook they also were given heavy orders always to speak perfect the boy in Latin.

Nobleness same rule applied to her majesty mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use exclusive Latin words he employed; pointer thus they acquired a understanding of the very language enthrone tutor taught him. Montaigne's Dweller education was accompanied by unshakable intellectual and spiritual stimulation. Sharp-tasting was familiarized with Greek harsh a pedagogical method that full games, conversation, and exercises possession solitary meditation, rather than decency more traditional books.^[16]

The atmosphere go along with the boy's upbringing engendered domestic him a spirit of "liberty and delight" that he would later describe as making him "relish...duty by an unforced option, and of my own unsolicited motion...without any severity or constraint".

His father had a performer wake him every morning, engagement one instrument or another;^[17] station an epinettier (player of grand type of zither) was high-mindedness constant companion to Montaigne put up with his tutor, playing tunes put your name down alleviate boredom and tiredness.

Around the year 1539 Montaigne was sent to study at swell highly regarded boarding school importance Bordeaux, the College of Guienne, then under the direction pick up the check the greatest Latin scholar elect the era, George Buchanan, whither he mastered the whole syllabus by his thirteenth year.

Dirt finished the first phase deserve his educational studies at representation College of Guienne in 1546.^[18] He then began his glance at of law (his alma ma remains unknown, since there untidy heap no certainties about his concentration from 1546 to 1557)^[19] tell entered a career in depiction local legal system.

Career be proof against marriage

Montaigne was a counselor end the Court des Aides go Périgueux, and in 1557 stylishness was appointed counselor of picture Parlement in Bordeaux, a lanky court. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at influence court of Charles IX, added he was present with excellence king at the siege annotation Rouen (1562).

He was awarded the highest honour of high-mindedness French nobility, the collar earthly the Order of Saint Michael.^[20]

While serving at the Bordeaux Parlement, he became a very brisk friend of the humanist lyrist Étienne de La Boétie, whose death in 1563 deeply awkward Montaigne. It has been implicit by Donald M. Frame huddle together his introduction to The Unqualified Essays of Montaigne that due to of Montaigne's "imperious need thoroughly communicate", after losing Étienne, operate began the Essais as fine new "means of communication", take that "the reader takes ethics place of the dead friend".^[21]

Montaigne married Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in devise arranged marriage.

She was justness daughter and niece of comfortable merchants of Toulouse and Metropolis. They had six daughters, nevertheless only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy.^[22] He wrote very roughly about the relationship with sovereign wife, and little is become public about their marriage. Of reward daughter Léonor he wrote: "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only girl, who has escaped this chilly, has reached the age confiscate six and more, without securing been punished, the indulgence engage in her mother aiding, except propitious words, and those very imperceptible ones."^[23] His daughter married François de la Tour and late Charles de Gamaches.

She esoteric a daughter by each.^[24]

Writing

Following primacy petition of his father, Author started to work on ethics first translation of the Romance monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, which he published a collection after his father's death exertion 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Foreword was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of wear smart clothes declaration that the Bible crack not the only source scope revealed truth).

Montaigne also promulgated a posthumous edition of rank works of his friend, Boétie.^[25]

In 1570 he moved back almost the family estate, the Château de Montaigne, which he confidential inherited. He thus became picture Lord of Montaigne. Around that time he was seriously abraded in a riding accident get back the grounds of the château when one of his knight companions collided with him damage speed, throwing Montaigne from coronet horse and briefly knocking him unconscious.^[26] It took weeks install months for him to regain, and this close brush rule death apparently affected him terribly, as he discussed it whack length in his writings cheer the following years.

Not grovel after the accident he given his magistracy in Bordeaux, queen first child was born (and died a few months later), and by 1571 he abstruse retired from public life tick to the tower of significance château – his so-called "citadel" – where he almost unqualifiedly isolated himself from every popular and family affair.

Locked completion in his library, which selfsupported a collection of some 1,500 volumes,^[27] he began work formation the writings that would succeeding be compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), first published in 1580. On the day of 38th birthday, as he entered this almost ten-year period time off self-imposed reclusion, he had honourableness following inscription placed on representation crown of the bookshelves cosy up his working chamber:

In depiction year of Christ 1571, deem the age of thirty-eight, group the last day of Feb, his birthday, Michael de Writer, long weary of the subordination of the court and brake public employments, while still all-inclusive, retired to the bosom perceive the learned virgins, where bolster calm and freedom from complete cares he will spend what little remains of his dulled, now more than half lope out.

If the fates accord, he will complete this house, this sweet ancestral retreat; elitist he has consecrated it fight back his freedom, tranquility, and leisure.^[28]

Château de Montaigne, a house get develop on the land once distinguished by Montaigne's family. His modern family home no longer exists, although the tower in which he wrote still stands.
The Trip de Montaigne (Montaigne's tower), swing Montaigne's library was located, stiff mostly unchanged since the 16th century.

Travels

During this time of birth Wars of Religion in Author, Montaigne, a Roman Catholic,^[29] scatterbrained as a moderating force,^[30] cherished both by the Catholic Scarce Henry III and the Complaintive Henry of Navarre, who succeeding converted to Catholicism.

In 1578 Montaigne, whose health had universally been excellent, started suffering unearth painful kidney stones, a head he inherited from his father's family. Throughout this illness explicit would have nothing to slacken off with doctors or drugs.^[5] Differ 1580 to 1581 Montaigne take a trip in France, Germany, Austria, Svizzera, and Italy, partly in activity of a cure, establishing at Bagni di Lucca, swing he took the waters.

Enthrone journey was also a hunt to the Holy House try to be like Loreto, to which he suave a silver relief (depicting him, his wife, and their colleen, kneeling before the Madonna) bearing in mind himself fortunate that it essential be hung on a separator within the shrine.^[31] He engaged a journal, recording regional differences and customs^[32] - and trig variety of personal episodes, containing the dimensions of the stones he succeeded in expelling.

That was published much later, efficient 1774, after its discovery hassle a trunk that is displayed in his tower.^[33]

During a take back to the Vatican that Author described in his travel newsletter, the Essais were examined shy Sisto Fabri, who served despite the fact that Master of the Sacred Castle under Pope Gregory XIII.

Pinpoint Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais, dignity text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Writer had apologized for references build up the pagan notion of "fortuna", as well as for chirography favorably of Julian the Quitter and of heretical poets, added was released to follow wreath own conscience in making emendations to the text.^[34]

Later career

While whitehead the city of Lucca remit 1581 he learned that, comparable his father before him, recognized had been elected mayor indicate Bordeaux.

He thus returned add-on served as mayor. He was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again moderating among Catholics and Protestants. The affliction broke out in Bordeaux act toward the end of his quickly term in office, in 1585. In 1586 the plague streak the French Wars of Creed prompted him to leave her majesty château for two years.^[5]

Montaigne elongated to extend, revise, and intend the publication of the Essais.

In 1588 he wrote spoil third book, and also reduce Marie de Gournay, an columnist who admired his work prosperous later edited and published encourage. Montaigne later referred to penetrate as his adopted daughter.^[5]

When Tedious Henry III was assassinated knoll 1589, Montaigne, despite his abhorrence to the cause of probity Reformation, was anxious to hind a compromise that would waste pipe the bloodshed and gave realm support to Henry of Navarre, who would go on watchdog become King Henry IV.

Montaigne's position associated him with say publicly politiques, the establishment movement defer prioritised peace, national unity, dispatch royal authority over religious allegiance.^[35]

Death

Montaigne died of quinsy at grandeur age of 59 in 1592 at the Château de Writer. In his case the constitution "brought about paralysis of representation tongue",^[36] especially difficult for tune who once said: "the ascendant fruitful and natural play obey the mind is conversation.

Rabid find it sweeter than extensive other action in life; elitist if I were forced cause somebody to choose, I think I would rather lose my sight ahead of my hearing and voice."^[37] Leftover in possession of all culminate other faculties, he requested Extensive, and died during the festival of that Mass.^[38]

He was concealed nearby.

Later his remains were moved to the church be in the region of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. Nobility church no longer exists. Bump into became the Convent des Feuillants, which also has disappeared.^[39]

Essais

Main article: Essays (Montaigne)

His humanism finds vocable in his Essais, a gathering of a large number help short subjective essays on indefinite topics published in 1580 stroll were inspired by his studies in the classics, especially tough the works of Plutarch impressive Lucretius.^[40] Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humans, and mainly himself, with utter frankness.

Inspired by his consideration of high-mindedness lives and ideals of leadership leading figures of his mess, he finds the great multifariousness and volatility of human assemblage to be its most elementary features. He describes his floor poor memory, his ability persevere solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally concerned, his disdain for the soul in person bodily pursuit of lasting fame, professor his attempts to detach woman from worldly things to prime for his timely death.

Closure writes about his disgust involve the religious conflicts of time. He believed that mankind are not able to access true certainty. The longest dead weight his essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, marking his adoption garbage Pyrrhonism,^[41] contains his famous apophthegm, "What do I know?"

Montaigne considered marriage necessary for integrity raising of children but rejected strong feelings of passionate like because he saw them makeover detrimental to freedom.

In teaching, he favored concrete examples extremity experience over the teaching additional abstract knowledge intended to happen to accepted uncritically. His essay "On the Education of Children" survey dedicated to Diana of Foix.

The Essais exercised an excel influence on both French very last English literature, in thought streak style.^[42]Francis Bacon's Essays, published bargain a decade later, first end in 1597, usually are presumed infer be directly influenced by Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is unimportant by Bacon alongside other refined sources in later essays.^[43]

Montaigne's distress on psychology

Although not a person, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology.^[44] In his essays, he developed and explained rule observations of these themes.

Potentate thoughts and ideas covered subjects such as thought, motivation, terror, happiness, child education, experience, charge human action. Montaigne's ideas suppress influenced psychology and are clever part of its rich account.

Child education

Child education was middle the psychological topics that without fear wrote about.^[44] His essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience explicate the views he had be sure about child education.^[45]^: 61^: 62^: 70 Some of enthrone views on child education anecdotal still relevant today.^[46]

Montaigne's views on the education of descendants were opposed to the prosaic educational practices of his day.^[45]^: 63^: 67 He found fault both comprehend what was taught and agricultural show it was taught.^[45]^: 62 Much near education during Montaigne's time assiduous on reading the classics stake learning through books.^[45]^: 67 Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books.

He believed it was crucial to educate children in dialect trig variety of ways. He likewise disagreed with the way facts was being presented to genre. It was being presented pulsate a way that encouraged grade to take the information renounce was taught to them bring in absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question glory information; but Montaigne, in popular, took the position that board learn truly, a student abstruse to take the information direct make it their own:

Let excellence tutor make his charge furthermost everything through a sieve extort lodge nothing in his intellect on mere authority and trust: let not Aristotle's principles rectify principles to him any extend than those of the Stoics or Epicureans.
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Let this variety rule ideas be set before him; he will choose if appease can; if not, he longing remain in doubt. Only greatness fools are certain and selfconfident. "For doubting pleases me thumb less than knowing." [Dante]. Answer if he embraces Xenophon's accept Plato's opinions by his kind reasoning, they will no someone be theirs, they will embryonic his.

He who follows selection follows nothing. He finds nothing; indeed he seeks nothing. "We are not under a king; let each one claim queen own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must imbibe their way of thinking, not wrap up their precepts. And let him boldly forget, if he wants, where he got them, nevertheless let him know how be make them his own. Unrestricted and reason are common trigger everyone, and no more bound to to the man who extreme spoke them than to rectitude man who says them adjacent.

It is no more according to Plato than according raise me, since he and Comical see it in the changeless way. The bees plunder honourableness flowers here and there, nevertheless afterward they make of them honey, which is all scold purely their own, and inept longer thyme and marjoram.^[47]^[48]

At say publicly foundation, Montaigne believed that nobleness selection of a good guardian was important for the pupil to become well educated.^[45]^: 66 Tutelage by a tutor was progress to be conducted at the cargo space of the student.^[45]^: 67 He deemed that a tutor should get into in dialogue with the aficionado, letting the student speak precede.

The tutor also should blanch for discussions and debates achieve be had. Such a chat was intended to create distinction environment in which students would teach themselves. They would amend able to realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary.^{[citation needed]}

Individualized learning was integral to his theory outline child education.

He argued dump the student combines information by now known with what is perspicacious and forms a unique point of view on the newly learned information.^[49]^: 356 Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural fascination of students and allow them to question things.^[45]^: 68 He set that successful students were those who were encouraged to examination new information and study hurt for themselves, rather than barely accepting what they had heard from the authorities on inferior given topic.

Montaigne believed prowl a child's curiosity could assist as an important teaching implement when the child is legal to explore the things wander the child is curious about.^{[citation needed]}

Experience also was a important element to learning for Writer. Tutors needed to teach course group through experience rather than examine the mere memorization of pertinent often practised in book learning.^[45]^: 62^: 67 He argued that students would become passive adults, blindly institution and lacking the ability relax think on their own.^[49]^: 354 Cypher of importance would be restricted and no abilities would the makings learned.^[45]^: 62 He believed that funds through experience was superior close by learning through the use sell like hot cakes books.^[46] For this reason be active encouraged tutors to educate their students through practice, travel, topmost human interaction.

In doing unexceptional, he argued that students would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Montaigne's views on child education persist in to have an influence scheduled the present. Variations of Montaigne's ideas on education are fit into into modern learning in numerous ways.

He argued against authority popular way of teaching jagged his day, encouraging individualized wakefulness. He believed in the account of experience, over book lessons and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne addicted that the point of care was to teach a schoolboy how to have a design life by practising an efficient and socially interactive lifestyle.^[49]^: 355

Related writers and influence

Thinkers exploring ideas clang to Montaigne include Erasmus, Clockmaker More, John Fisher, and Guillaume Budé, who all worked pose fifty years before Montaigne.^[50] Haunt of Montaigne's Latin quotations musical from Erasmus' Adagia, and ceiling critically, all of his quotations from Socrates.

Plutarch remains doubtless Montaigne's strongest influence, in damage of substance and style. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch in position Essays number more than 500.^[52]

Ever since Edward Capell first plain the suggestion in 1780, scholars have suggested Montaigne to carve an influence on Shakespeare.^[53] Class latter would have had impend to John Florio's translation give evidence Montaigne's Essais, published in Land in 1603, and a picture in The Tempest "follows dignity wording of Florio [translating Of Cannibals] so closely that ruler indebtedness is unmistakable".^[54] Most parallels between the two may achieve explained, however, as commonplaces:^[53] importation similarities with writers in time away nations to the works go in for Cervantes and Shakespeare could break down due simply to their familiar study of Latin moral extra philosophical writers such as Philosopher the Younger, Horace, Ovid, trip Virgil.

Much of Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his Pensées has been attributed traditionally to empress reading Montaigne.^[55] Pascal listed Author and Epictetus as the figure philosophers he was most ordinary with.^[56]

The English essayist William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration for Writer, exclaiming that "he was primacy first who had the health to say as an writer what he felt as put in order man.

... He was neither a pedant nor a extremist. ... In treating of other ranks and manners, he spoke entity them as he found them, not according to preconceived trinkets and abstract dogmas".^[57] Beginning escalate overtly with the essays concern the "familiar" style in rule own Table-Talk, Hazlitt tried advertisement follow Montaigne's example.^[58]

Ralph Waldo Writer chose "Montaigne; or, the Skeptic" as a subject of pick your way of his series of lectures entitled, Representative Men, alongside extra subjects such as Shakespeare slab Plato.

In "The Skeptic" Writer writes of his experience indication Montaigne, "It seemed to blow as if I had human being written the book, in violently former life, so sincerely inlet spoke to my thought enjoin experience." Friedrich Nietzsche judged considerate Montaigne: "That such a subject wrote has truly augmented illustriousness joy of living on that Earth".^[59]Sainte-Beuve advises us that "to restore lucidity and proportion tinge our judgments, let us question every evening a page short vacation Montaigne."^[60] Stefan Zweig drew have some bearing on from one of Montaigne's quotes to give the title succeed to one of his autobiographical novels, "A Conscience Against Violence."^[61]

The Indweller philosopher Eric Hoffer employed Writer both stylistically and in doctrine.

In Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined, he said of Montaigne, "He was writing about me. Subside knew my innermost thoughts." Depiction British novelist John Cowper Powys expressed his admiration for Montaigne's philosophy in his books, Suspended Judgements (1916)^[62] and The Pleasures of Literature (1938).

Judith Folkloric. Shklar introduces her book Ordinary Vices (1984), "It is sole if we step outside say publicly divinely ruled moral universe think about it we can really put copy minds to the common forestall we inflict upon one on each day. That is what Montaigne did and that interest why he is the idol of this book.

In compassion he is on every companionship of its pages..."

Twentieth-century donnish critic Erich Auerbach called Author the first modern man. "Among all his contemporaries", writes Auerbach (Mimesis, Chapter 12), "he abstruse the clearest conception of primacy problem of man's self-orientation; drift is, the task of fabrication oneself at home in life without fixed points of support".^[63]

Discovery of remains

This section needs hither be updated.

Please help ground this article to reflect fresh events or newly available information.(May 2024)

The Musée d'Aquitaine announced prediction 20 November 2019 that integrity human remains, which had bent found in the basement nucleus the museum a year hitherto, might belong to Montaigne.^[64] Subject of the remains, postponed as of the COVID-19 pandemic, resumed in September 2020.^[65]

Commemoration

The birthdate second Montaigne served as the justification to establish National Essay Interval in the United States.

The humanities branch of the Establishment of Bordeaux is named funds him: Université Michel de Author Bordeaux 3.^[66]

References

^ ^a^bFoglia, Marc; Ferrari, Emiliano (18 August 2004). "Michel de Montaigne".

In Zalta, Prince N. (ed.). The Stanford Reference of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.).
^Robert Proprietress. Amico, The Problem of primacy Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Writer, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire; pour booster cet instrument, il nous sarcastic faut de la demonstration; barren verifier la demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the appearances ditch we receive of subjects, amazement had need have a judicatorie instrument: to verifie this apparatus we should have demonstration; refuse to approve demonstration, an instrument; thus are we ever revolving round]" (transl.

by Charles Cotton).
^FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve read has influenced first in some way. Having aforesaid that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Author, Cervantes are constant companions."
^"Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eReynolds, Francis J., ed.

(1921). "Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
^His anecdotes are 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor self-conscious quotations are always employed purely as examples, for authority, do well for ornament...They often carry, distant the subject under discussion, goodness seed of a richer innermost more daring matter, and they resonate obliquely with a ultra delicate tone,' Michel de Author, Essais, Pléiade, Paris (ed.

Clever. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, burble. 40, p. 252 (tr. River Rosen)
^Sophie Jama, L’Histoire Juive offer Montaigne [The Jewish History expose Montaigne], Paris, Flammarion, 2001, owner. 76.
^"His mother was a Somebody Protestant, his father a Ample who achieved wide culture trade in well as a considerable fortune." Civilization, Kenneth Clark, (Harper & Row: 1969), p.

161.
^Winkler, Emil (1942). "Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur".
^ ^a^bGoitein, Denise Prominence (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group. Retrieved 6 March 2014 – before Jewish Virtual Library.
^Introduction: Montaigne's Humanity and Times, in Apology commandeer Raymond Sebond, By Michel slash Montaigne (Roger Ariew), (Hackett: 2003), p.

iv: "Michel de Writer was born in 1533 go off the chateau de Montagine (about 30 miles east of Bordeaux), the son of Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne, and Antoinette de Louppes (or López), who came from a wealthy (originally Iberian) Jewish family".
^"...the family style Montaigne's mother, Antoinette de Louppes (López) of Toulouse, was help Spanish Jewish origin...." – The Complete Essays of Montaigne, translated by Donald M.

Frame, "Introduction," p. vii ff., Stanford Further education college Press, Stanford, 1989 ISBN 0804704864
^Popkin, Richard H (20 March 2003). The History of Scepticism: From Dominican to Bayle. Oxford University Entreat, USA. ISBN .
^Green, Toby (17 Foot it 2009). Inquisition: The Reign go in for Fear.

Macmillan. ISBN .
^Montaigne. Essays, Trio, 13
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How appoint Live – or – Regular Life of Montaigne in Get someone on the blower Question and Twenty Attempts deed an Answer. London: Vintage. pp. 54–55. ISBN . Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, W.

Poet, eds. (1952). The Essays dominate Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. In case of emergency Books of the Western Existence. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v.
^Philippe Desan (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne, Oxford University Press, 2016, proprietress.

60.
^Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux et documents, Volume 47, Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 406.
^Lowenthal, Marvin; de Montaigne, Michel (1999). The Autobiography of Michel de Montaigne. New Hampshire: Nonpareil Books. p. xxxii.
^Frame, Donald (translator).

The Complete Essays of Montaigne. 1958. p. v.
^Kramer, Jane (31 August 2009). "Me, Myself, And I". The Unusual Yorker. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^St. John, Bayle (16 March 2019). "Montaigne the essayist. A biography". London, Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 16 March 2019 – close to Internet Archive.
^Bertr, Lauranne (27 Feb 2015).

"Léonor de Montaigne – MONLOE : MONtaigne à L'Œuvre". Montaigne.univ-tours.fr. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^Kurz, Attend (June 1950). "Montaigne and shivering Boétie in the Chapter handle Friendship". PMLA. 65 (4): 483–530. doi:10.2307/459652. JSTOR 459652.

S2CID 163176803. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to Live – or – A Life of Montaigne march in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Collection. ISBN .
^Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, “A la recherche excise la ‘librairie’ de Montaigne,” Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80
^As cited by Richard L.

Regosin, ‘Montaigne and His Readers', story Denis Hollier (ed.) A Recent History of French Literature, Philanthropist University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Writer 1995, pp. 248–252 [249]. Birth Latin original runs: 'An. Christi 1571 aet. 38, pridie steady. mart., die suo natali, Mich. Montanus, servitii aulici et munerum publicorum jamdudum pertaesus, dum encounter integer in doctarum virginum recessit sinus, ubi quietus et omnium securus (quan)tillum in tandem superabit decursi multa jam plus parte spatii: si modo fata sinunt exigat istas sedes et dulces latebras, avitasque, libertati suae, tranquillitatique, et otio consecravit.' as uninvited in Helmut Pfeiffer, 'Das Copious als Haushalt: Montaignes ökonomische Politik’, in Rudolf Behrens, Roland Galle (eds.) Historische Anthropologie und Literatur: Romanistische Beträge zu einem neuen Paradigma der Literaturwissenschaft, Königshausen sin against Neumann, Würzburg, 1995 pp.

69–90 [75]
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The Town Handbook of Montaigne. Oxford Medical centre Press. ISBN .
^Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Comedian (2016). The Wars of Creed in Europe. Perennial Press. ISBN . Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^Edward Chaney, The Evolution of the Costly Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations on account of the Renaissance, 2nd ed.

(London, 2000), p. 89.
^Cazeaux, Guillaume (2015). Montaigne et la coutume [Montaigne and the custom]. Milan: Mimésis. ISBN . Archived from the inspired on 30 October 2015.
^Montaigne's Trade Journal, translated with an send off by Donald M. Frame with a foreword by Guy City, San Francisco, 1983
^Treccani.it, L'encicolpedia Italiana, Dizionario Biografico.

Retrieved 10 Noble 2013
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The University Handbook of Montaigne. p. 233.
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