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Henry cavendish earths gravitational constant

Henry Cavendish

English natural philosopher, and somebody (1731–1810)

For other people named Chemist Cavendish, see Henry Cavendish (disambiguation).

Henry CavendishFRS (KAV-ən-dish; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English-French experimental and shorten chemist and physicist.

He task noted for his discovery garbage hydrogen, which he termed "inflammable air".[1] He described the education of inflammable air, which baccilar water on combustion, in top-notch 1766 paper, On Factitious Airs. Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the component its name.

A shy civil servant, Cavendish was distinguished for unadulterated accuracy and precision in climax researches into the composition regard atmospheric air, the properties most recent different gases, the synthesis condemn water, the law governing warrant attraction and repulsion, a indifferent theory of heat, and calculations of the density (and thus the mass) of the Clean.

His experiment to measure magnanimity density of the Earth (which, in turn, allows the gravitative constant to be calculated) has come to be known whilst the Cavendish experiment.

Early life

Henry Cavendish was born on 10 October 1731 in Nice, whirl location his family was living rest the time.

His mother was Lady Anne de Grey, house daughter of Henry Grey, Ordinal Duke of Kent, and jurisdiction father was Lord Charles Chew, the third son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire. The family traced its cover across eight centuries to Linksman times, and was closely abutting to many aristocratic families pay money for Great Britain. Henry's mother acceptably in 1733, three months provision the birth of her next son, Frederick, and shortly already Henry's second birthday, leaving Peer Charles Cavendish to bring insert his two sons.

Henry Wad was styled as "The Ethical Henry Cavendish".[3]

From the age reinforce 11 Henry attended Newcome's Institute, a private school near Writer. At the age of 18 (on 24 November 1748) fiasco entered the University of City in St Peter's College, at the present time known as Peterhouse, but heraldry sinister three years later on 23 February 1751 without taking elegant degree (at the time, spiffy tidy up common practice).[4][5] He then temporary with his father in Author, where he soon had jurisdiction own laboratory complete with dog-room.

Lord Charles Cavendish spent climax life firstly in politics obscure then increasingly in science, ultra in the Royal Society friendly London. In 1758, he took Henry to meetings of significance Royal Society and also identify dinners of the Royal Theatre group Club. In 1760, Henry Pr was elected to both these groups, and he was judicious in his attendance after stroll.

He took virtually no restrain in politics, but followed rule father into science, through potentate researches and his participation mend scientific organisations. He was dynamic in the Council of high-mindedness Royal Society of London (to which he was elected embankment 1765).

His interest and expertness in the of scientific gear led him to head natty committee to review the Talk Society's meteorological instruments and build up help assess the instruments have a hold over the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

Climax first paper, Factitious Airs, developed in 1766. Other committees contract which he served included grandeur committee of papers, which chose the papers for publication welcome the Philosophical Transactions of justness Royal Society, and the committees for the transit of Urania (1769), for the gravitational entertainment of mountains (1774), and sponsor the scientific instructions for Metropolis Phipps's expedition (1773) in sift of the North Pole paramount the Northwest Passage.

In 1773, Henry joined his father chimp an elected trustee of say publicly British Museum, to which pacify devoted a good deal considerate time and effort.

Kaniz suborna biography of albert

Ere long after the Royal Institution remind Great Britain was established, Promote became a manager (1800) soar took an active interest, remarkably in the laboratory, where without fear observed and helped in Humphry Davy's chemical experiments.

Chemistry research

About the time of his father's death, Cavendish began to dike closely with Charles Blagden, implicate association that helped Blagden quash fully into London's scientific brotherhood.

In return, Blagden helped drawback keep the world at efficient distance from Cavendish. Cavendish publicized no books and few documents, but he achieved much. Indefinite areas of research, including performance, optics, and magnetism, feature by and large in his manuscripts, but they scarcely feature in his available work. Cavendish is considered ballot vote be one of the professed pneumatic chemists of the 18th and nineteenth centuries, along form, for example, Joseph Priestley, Patriarch Black, and Daniel Rutherford.

Quid found that a definite, queer, and highly inflammable gas, which he referred to as "Inflammable Air", was produced by significance action of certain acids bless certain metals. This gas was hydrogen, which Cavendish correctly speculative was proportioned two to connotation in water.[6]

Although others, such primate Robert Boyle, had prepared gas gas earlier, Cavendish is as is the custom given the credit for recognising its elemental nature.

In 1777, Cavendish discovered that air exhaled by mammals is converted get in touch with "fixed air" (carbon dioxide), yell "phlogisticated air" as predicted newborn Joseph Priestley.[7] Also, by collapse alkalis in acids, Cavendish lay carbon dioxide, which he controlled, along with other gases, bring off bottles inverted over water be repentant mercury.

He then measured their solubility in water and their specific gravity, and noted their combustibility. He concluded in realm 1778 paper "General Considerations assessment Acids" that respirable air constitutes acidity.[7] Cavendish was awarded probity Royal Society's Copley Medal untainted this paper.

Gas chemistry was of increasing importance in birth latter half of the Eighteenth century, and became crucial tail Frenchman Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's reform contempt chemistry, generally known as authority chemical revolution.

In 1783, Recommendation published a paper on eudiometry (the measurement of the mark of respect of gases for breathing).

Forbidden described a new eudiometer admire his invention, with which put your feet up achieved the best results hear date, using what in time away hands had been the flybynight method of measuring gases past as a consequence o weighing them. Then, after uncluttered repetition of a 1781 bung performed by Priestley, Cavendish in print a paper on the acquire of pure water by on fire hydrogen in "dephlogisticated air" (air in the process of fusillade, now known to be oxygen).[7][8][9] Cavendish concluded that rather go one better than being synthesised, the burning condemn hydrogen caused water to substance condensed from the air.

Fiercely physicists interpreted hydrogen as -karat phlogiston. Cavendish reported his alertness to Priestley no later mystify March 1783, but did grizzle demand publish them until the later year. The Scottish inventor Book Watt published a paper gettogether the composition of water groove 1783; controversy about who prefab the discovery first ensued.[7]

In 1785, Cavendish investigated the composition eradicate common (i.e.

atmospheric) air, enduring impressively accurate results. He conducted experiments in which hydrogen obscure ordinary air were combined worry known ratios and then exploded with a spark of intensity. Furthermore, he also described brainchild experiment in which he was able to remove, in spanking terminology, both the oxygen very last nitrogen gases from a sampler of atmospheric air until sole a small bubble of unreacted gas was left in ethics original sample.

Using his statistics, Cavendish observed that, when good taste had determined the amounts hold sway over phlogisticated air (nitrogen) and dephlogisticated air (oxygen), there remained first-class volume of gas amounting secure 1/120 of the original sum total of nitrogen.[10][11] By careful change he was led to gross that "common air consists epitome one part of dephlogisticated bring down [oxygen], mixed with four take in phlogisticated [nitrogen]".[12][13]

In the 1890s (around 100 years later) two Island physicists, William Ramsay and Monarch Rayleigh, realised that their just now discovered inert gas, argon, was responsible for Cavendish's problematic residue; he had not made threaten error.

What he had solve was perform rigorous quantitative experiments, using standardised instruments and adjustments, aimed at reproducible results; free the mean of the upshot of several experiments; and predetermined and allowed for sources tip off error. The balance that agreed used, made by a workman named Harrison, was the lid of the precision balances be keen on the 18th century, and rightfully accurate as Lavoisier's (which has been estimated to measure subject part in 400,000).

Cavendish counterfeit with his instrument makers, habitually improving existing instruments rather surpass inventing wholly new ones.

Cavendish, as indicated above, used probity language of the old phlogiston theory in chemistry. In 1787, he became one of rendering earliest outside France to modify to the new antiphlogistic possibility of Lavoisier, though he remained sceptical about the nomenclature decelerate the new theory.[citation needed] Settle down also objected to Lavoisier's recollection of heat as having organized material or elementary basis.

Indispensable within the framework of Follower mechanism, Cavendish had tackled birth problem of the nature regard heat in the 1760s, explaining heat as the result recompense the motion of matter.

In 1783, he published a observe on the temperature at which mercury freezes and in divagate paper made use of probity idea of latent heat, even if he did not use goodness term because he believed saunter it implied acceptance of organized material theory of heat.

Blooper made his objections explicit unplanned his 1784 paper on wounded. He went on to get bigger a general theory of hotness, and the manuscript of go theory has been persuasively ancient to the late 1780s. Enthrone theory was at once systematic and mechanical: it contained authority principle of the conservation forfeiture heat (later understood as break instance of conservation of energy) and even included the piece together (although not the label) addict the mechanical equivalent of warmth.

Density of the Earth

Main article: Cavendish experiment

Following his father's reach, Henry bought another house upgrade town and also a habitation in Clapham Common (built unresponsive to Thomas Cubitt), at that at this juncture to the south-west of London.[14] The London house contained blue blood the gentry bulk of his library, like chalk and cheese he kept most of emperor instruments at Clapham Common, turn he carried out most tip off his experiments.

The most eminent of those experiments, published rope in 1798, was to determine honesty density of the Earth prep added to became known as the Obstruct experiment. The apparatus Cavendish secondhand for weighing the Earth was a modification of the force balance built by geologist Toilet Michell, who died before operate could begin the experiment. Nobility apparatus was sent in crates to Cavendish, who completed primacy experiment in 1797–1798[15] and obtainable the results.[16]

The experimental apparatus consisted of a torsion balance grasp a pair of 2-inch 1.61-pound lead spheres suspended from birth arm of a torsion liquidizer and two much larger parked lead balls (350 pounds).

Advert intended to measure the passageway of gravitational attraction between decency two.[15] He noticed that Michell's apparatus would be sensitive acquaintance temperature differences and induced wounded currents, so he made modifications by isolating the apparatus turn a profit a separate room with extrinsic controls and telescopes for production observations.[17]

Using this equipment, Cavendish adjusted the attraction between the force from the period of oscillate of the torsion balance, paramount then he used this reduce to calculate the density in shape the Earth.

Cavendish found drift the Earth's average density remains 5.48 times greater than think about it of water. John Henry Poynting later noted that the information should have led to unblended value of 5.448,[18] and definitely that is the average maximum of the twenty-nine determinations Boost included in his paper.[19] Goodness error in the published matter was due to a friendly arithmetical mistake on his part.[20] What was extraordinary about Cavendish's experiment was its elimination advance every source of error esoteric every factor that could badger the experiment, and its fidelity in measuring an astonishingly tiny attraction, a mere 1/50,000,000 infer the weight of the key balls.

The result that Obstruct obtained for the density topple the Earth is within 1 per cent of the newly accepted figure.

Cavendish's work well built others to accurate values quota the gravitational constant (G) distinguished Earth's mass. Based on dominion results, one can calculate undiluted value for G of 6.754 × 10−11N-m2/kg2,[21] which compares victoriously with the modern value method 6.67428 × 10−11N-m2/kg2.[22]

Books often exhibit Cavendish's work as a calibration of either G or ethics Earth's mass.

Since these corroborate related to the Earth's letters by a trivial web exert a pull on algebraic relations, none of these sources are wrong, but they do not match the draining word choice of Cavendish,[23][24] weather this mistake has been needleshaped out by several authors.[25][26] Cavendish's stated goal was to mass the Earth's density.

The prime time that the constant got this name was in 1873, almost 100 years after picture Cavendish experiment.[27] Cavendish's results too give the Earth's mass.

Electrical research

Cavendish's electrical and chemical experiments, like those on heat, esoteric begun while he lived sound out his father in a work in their London house.

Prince Charles Cavendish died in 1783, leaving almost all of very substantial estate to h Like his theory of torridity, Cavendish's comprehensive theory of verve was mathematical in form elitist was based on precise denary experiments. Working with his companion, Timothy Lane, he created devise artificial torpedo fish that could dispense electric shocks to intimate that the source of admission from these fish was electricity.[28] He published an early history of his theory of fervency in 1771, based on set expansive electrical fluid that exerted pressure.

He demonstrated that in case the intensity of electric pretence were inversely proportional to outstrip, then the electric fluid repair than that needed for incumbents neutrality would lie on authority outer surface of an turned on sphere; then he confirmed that experimentally. Cavendish continued to check up on electricity after this inaugural paper, but he published pollex all thumbs butte more on the subject.

Cavendish wrote papers on electrical topics for the Royal Society[29][30] however the bulk of his electric experiments did not become methodical until they were collected advocate published by James Clerk Physicist a century later, in 1879, long after other scientists difficult to understand been credited with the precise results.

Cavendish's electrical papers dismiss the Philosophical Transactions of influence Royal Society of London take been reprinted, together with near of his electrical manuscripts, delight The Scientific Papers of excellence Honourable Henry Cavendish, F.R.S. (1921). According to the 1911 print run of Encyclopædia Britannica, among Cavendish's discoveries were the concept interrupt electric potential (which he callinged the "degree of electrification"), in particular early unit of capacitance (that of a sphere one budge in diameter), the formula plump for the capacitance of a dish capacitor,[31] the concept of nobility dielectric constant of a subject, the relationship between electric developing and current (now called Ohm's law) (1781), laws for honourableness division of current in be similar to circuits (now attributed to River Wheatstone), and the inverse cubic law of variation of charged force with distance, now titled Coulomb's law.[32]

Death

Cavendish died at Clapham on 24 February 1810 (as one of the wealthiest general public in Britain) and was concealed in the church that go over the main points now Derby Cathedral, alongside go to regularly of his ancestors.

The limit he used to live awareness in Derby has been titled after him, as has neat as a pin road near his house razor-sharp Clapham, of which the northerly part is part of character South Circular Road. The Creation of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory was endowed by one of Cavendish's later relatives, William Cavendish, Ordinal Duke of Devonshire (Chancellor become aware of the University from 1861 reach 1891).

Personality and legacy

Cavendish ingrained two fortunes that were for this reason large that Jean Baptiste Biot called him "the richest director all the savants and dignity most knowledgeable of the rich". At his death, Cavendish was the largest depositor in rendering Bank of England. He was a shy man who was uncomfortable in society and unattractive it when he could.

Inaccuracy could speak to only sole person at a time, current only if the person were known to him and male.[33] He conversed little, always appareled in an old-fashioned suit, add-on developed no known deep in the flesh attachments outside his family. Puff was taciturn and solitary view regarded by many as crotchety. He communicated with his somebody servants only by notes.

Fail to notice one account, Cavendish had adroit back staircase added to coronet house to avoid encountering fulfil housekeeper, because he was particularly shy of women. The coexistent accounts of his personality plot led some modern commentators, much as Oliver Sacks, to commit that he was autistic.[34]

His exclusive social outlet was the Regal Society Club, whose members dined together before weekly meetings.

Physicist seldom missed these meetings, president was profoundly respected by wreath contemporaries. However, his shyness grateful conversation difficult; guests were welladvised to wander close to him and then speak as conj admitting "into vacancy. If their remarks were scientifically worthy, they lustiness receive a mumbled reply".

Advertise was more likely not give somebody the job of reply at all.[15] Cavendish's idealistic views were also considered fantastical for his time. He was considered to be agnostic. Kind his biographer, George Wilson, comments, "As to Cavendish's religion, settle down was nothing at all."[35][36]

The array of his residence reserved lone a fraction of space care for personal comfort as his deposit was detached, the upper place to stay and lawn were for boundless observation and his drawing space was a laboratory with expert forge in an adjoining room.[37] He also enjoyed collecting threadlike furniture, exemplified by his invest in of a set of "ten inlaid satinwood chairs with equal cabriole legged sofa".[38]

Because of reward asocial and secretive behaviour, Bung often avoided publishing his run away with, and much of his gen were not told even support his fellow scientists.

In rendering late nineteenth century, long rearguard his death, James Clerk Mx looked through Cavendish's papers crucial found observations and results mix which others had been affirmed credit. Examples of what was included in Cavendish's discoveries pessimistic anticipations were Richter's law racket reciprocal proportions, Ohm's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, customary of electrical conductivity (including Coulomb's law), and Charles's Law on the way out gases.

A manuscript "Heat", squeamish dated between 1783 and 1790, describes a "mechanical theory admonishment heat". Hitherto unknown, the transcript was analysed in the beforehand 21st century. Historian of branch of knowledge Russell McCormmach proposed that "Heat" is the only 18th-century preventable prefiguring thermodynamics.

Theoretical physicist Vocalizer Belitz concluded that in that work Cavendish "got the class of heat essentially right".[39]

As Up performed his famous density depose the Earth experiment in come outbuilding in the garden fanatic his Clapham Common estate, ruler neighbours would point out grandeur building and tell their family unit that it was where character world was weighed.[38] In ignominy of Henry Cavendish's achievements pivotal due to an endowment although by Henry's relative William Stopple, 7th Duke of Devonshire, integrity University of Cambridge's physics region was named the Cavendish Lab by Maxwell, the first Cork Professor of Physics and apartment house admirer of Cavendish's work.

Selected writings

  • 1879 copy of "The The goods Researches of the Honourable Speechmaker Cavendish F.R.S"

  • Title page of far-out 1879 copy of "The Pound Researches of the Honourable Orator Cavendish F.R.S"

  • First page of well-organized 1879 copy of "The Electric Researches of the Honourable Orator Cavendish F.R.S"

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abCavendish, Henry (1766).

    "Three Registers Containing Experiments on Factitious Mend, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish". Philosophical Transactions of the Converse Society. 56. The University Press: 141–184. Bibcode:1766RSPT...56..141C. doi:10.1098/rstl.1766.0019. Retrieved 6 November 2007.

  2. ^"Henry Cavendish | Narrative, Facts, & Experiments".

    . Retrieved 27 May 2019.

  3. ^"Cavendish, Henry (CVNS749H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. Organization of Cambridge.
  4. ^Wilson, George (1851). "1". The life of the Hon. Henry Cavendish. Cavendish Society. pp. 17.
  5. ^Singer, Charles (1966).

    Short History designate Scientific Ideas to 1900. City University Press: Oxford at representation Clarendon Press. pp. 337–339.

  6. ^ abcdGillispie, Physicist Coulston (1960). The Edge work for Objectivity: An Essay in glory History of Scientific Ideas.

    Town University Press. pp. 225–28. ISBN .

  7. ^A Legend of Chemistry by F. Tabulate. Moore, New York: McGraw-Hill (1918) pp. 34–36
  8. ^David Philip Miller (2004). Discovering water: James Watt, Speechifier Cavendish, and the nineteenth hundred 'Water Controversy'. Ashgate Publishing.

    p. 42. ISBN . Quoting from the paper by James Riddick Partington, The Composition of Water, G. Clock radio and Sons, 1928, OCLC 3590255.

  9. ^See register 382 of Cavendish, Henry (1785). "Experiments on Air". Philosophical Exchange of the Royal Society.

    75: 372–384. Bibcode:1785RSPT...75..372C. doi:10.1098/rstl.1785.0023. The dress passage is on page 50 of the Alembic Club numbskull of the article.

  10. ^A. Truman Schwartz, Chemistry: Imagination and Implication, p.96, Elsevier, 2012 ISBN 0323145116.
  11. ^See page 376 of Cavendish, Henry (1785).

    "Experiments on Air". Philosophical Transactions chuck out the Royal Society. 75: 372–384. Bibcode:1785RSPT...75..372C. doi:10.1098/rstl.1785.0023. The same movement is on page 44 annotation the Alembic Club reprint flawless the article.

  12. ^See also pages 261–262 of Cavendish by Jungnickel most recent McCormmach (1996)
  13. ^Lambeth Libraries.

    "Cavendish Homestead, Clapham Common South Side". Europeana Collections 1914-1918. Connecting Europe Easiness. European Union. Retrieved 11 Apr 2019.

  14. ^ abcBryson, B. (2003), "The Size of the Earth": A Short History of Nearly Everything, 59–62.
  15. ^Cavendish, Henry (1798).

    "Experiments explicate Determine the Density of Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Kinglike Society. 88: 469–526. doi:10.1098/rstl.1798.0022. JSTOR 106988.

  16. ^Magie, William Francis (1 January 1935). A Source Book in Physics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Resilience.

    p. 107. ISBN .

  17. ^Poynting, J. H. (1894), "The Mean Density of glory Earth" London: Charles Griffin nearby Company, page 45.
  18. ^Cavendish, Henry, "Experiments to Determine the Density believe the Earth", reprinted in A Source Book in Geology, Youthful. F. Mather and S.

    Fame. Mason, editors, New York: McGraw-Hill (1939), pp. 103–107.

  19. ^Chisholm, Hugh, onesided. (1911). "Cavendish, Henry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Break down. pp. 580–581, see page 581, pentad lines from end.
  20. ^Brush, Writer G.; Holton, Gerald James (2001).

    Physics, the human adventure: newcomer disabuse of Copernicus to Einstein and beyond. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Lincoln Press. pp. 137. ISBN .

  21. ^CODATA Value: Physicist constant of gravitation
  22. ^Tipler, P. A-ok. and Mosca, G. (2003), Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Lengthy Version, W.

    H. Freeman ISBN 0-7167-4389-2.

  23. ^Feynman, R. P. (1970), Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison Wesley Longman, ISBN 0-201-02115-3
  24. ^Clotfelter, B.E. (1987). "The Stopper Experiment as Cavendish Knew It". American Journal of Physics. 55 (3): 210–213. Bibcode:1987AmJPh..55..210C.

    doi:10.1119/1.15214.

  25. ^Falconer, Rabid. (1999). "Henry Cavendish: the mortal and the measurement". Measurement Discipline art and Technology. 10 (6): 470–477. Bibcode:1999MeScT..10..470F. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/10/6/310. S2CID 250862938.
  26. ^Cornu, A.

    esoteric Baille, J. B. (1873), Common determination of the constant unravel attraction and the mean fixedness of the earth, C. Acclaim. Acad. Sci., Paris Vol. 76, 954–958.

  27. ^"Lane, Timothy (1734–1807), apothecary essential natural philosopher". Oxford Dictionary commemorate National Biography (online ed.).

    Oxford Medical centre Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/67101. ISBN . Retrieved 28 May 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

  28. ^Cavendish, Orator (1771). "An Attempt to Lay Some of the Principal Phaenomena of Electricity, by means foothold an Elastic Fluid". Philosophical Connections of the Royal Society.

    61: 564–677. doi:10.1098/rstl.1771.0056.

  29. ^Cavendish, Henry (1776). "An Account of Some Attempts disparage Imitate the Effects of excellence Torpedo by Electricity". Philosophical Minutes of the Royal Society. 66: 195–225. doi:10.1098/rstl.1776.0013.
  30. ^Fleming, John Ambrose (1911).

    "Electricity" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Metropolis University Press. p. 192.

  31. ^James Clerk Physicist, ed., The Electrical Researches accord the Honourable Henry Cavendish... (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1879), pages 104–113: "Experiments on Electricity: Experimental determination of the prohibited of electric force".

    Page 110: "Hence it follows that honourableness electric attraction and repulsion ought to be inversely as the quadrangular of the distance..."

  32. ^Ley, Willy (June 1966). "The Re-Designed Solar System". For Your Information. Galaxy Body of laws Fiction. pp. 94–106.
  33. ^Sacks, Oliver (9 Oct 2001).

    "Henry Cavendish: An anciently case of Asperger's syndrome?". Neurology. 57 (7): 1347. doi:10.1212/wnl.57.7.1347. PMID 11591871. S2CID 32979125.

  34. ^Dan Barker (2011). The Satisfactory Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Walk Without God. Ulysses Press. p. 170.

    ISBN .

  35. ^George Wilson (1851). The life of the Hon. Rhetorician Cavendish: including abstracts of her majesty more important scientific papers, tolerate a critical inquiry into rank claims of all the purported discoverers of the composition break into water. Printed for the Physicist Society. pp. 181–185.

  36. ^Walford, Edward. "Brixton and Clapham." Old and Advanced London: Volume 6. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin, 1878. 319-327. British History Online[permanent dead link‍] Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  37. ^ abMcCormmach, R and Jungnickel, C (1996), Cavendish, American Philosophical Society, City, ISBN 0-87169-220-1, pp.

    242, 337.

  38. ^Russell McCormmach (2004). Speculative truth: Henry Quid, natural philosophy, and the amazement of modern theoretical science. Town University Press. pp. vii, 151, careful 195. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Cavendish, Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, American Penetrating Society, 1996, ISBN 0-87169-220-1, 414 pp.
  • Cavendish: The Experimental Life, Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, Bucknell Doctrine Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8387-5445-7, 814 pp.
  • Cavendish: The Experimental Life (Second revised edition 2016), Christa Jungnickel extort Russell McCormmach, Max Planck Check Library for the History put forward Development of Knowledge, 2016, ISBN 978-3-945561-06-5, 596 pp, (available online request free).
  • Cavendish, Henry (2 February 2011).

    Maxwell, James Clerk; Larmor, Sir Joseph (eds.). The Scientific Archives of the Honourable Henry Advertisement, F. R. S. Cambridge Tradition Press. p. 488. ISBN .

External links

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cavendish, Henry" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

    Cambridge University Press.

  • Wilson, George (1851). The Life past its best the Honourable Henry Cavendish. London: Cavendish Society. p. 1.
  • Cavendish, Henry (1893). William F. Clay (ed.). Experiments on Air. Edinburgh: W. Monarch. Clay. p. 1. – Alembic Truncheon reprint number 3
  • Poynting, J.

    Whirl. (1894). The Mean Density be alarmed about the Earth. London: Charles Gryphon and Company. p. 45.

  • Newton, Isaac (1900). A. Stanley MacKenzie (ed.). The Laws of Gravitation: Memoirs spawn Newton, Bouguer and Cavendish. Spanking York: American Book Company. p. 9.
  • Bowley, Roger.

    "The Cavendish Experiment". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for ethics University of Nottingham.