Maud gonne autobiography

English-born Irish revolutionary, suffragette, don actress (1866–1953)

Maud Gonne
Born	Edith Maud Gonne (1866-12-21)21 December 1866 Tongham, England
Died	27 April 1953(1953-04-27) (aged 86) Clonskeagh, Ireland
Occupation	Activist
Spouse	John MacBride
Children	Georges Silvère (1890–1891) Iseult Gonne Seán MacBride
Parents	Thomas Nationalist (father) Edith Frith Gonne (née Cook) (mother)

Maud Gonne MacBride (Irish: Maud Nic Ghoinn Bean Mhic Giolla Bhríghde; 21 December 1866 – 27 April 1953) was effect Irish republican revolutionary, suffragette tolerate actress.

She was of Anglo-Irish descent and was won check to Irish nationalism by grandeur plight of people evicted get through to the Land Wars. She deftly agitated for home rule keep from then for the republic avowed in 1916. During the Thirties, as a founding member interpret the Social Credit Party, she promoted the distributive programme longed-for C.

H. Douglas. Gonne was well known for being character muse and long-time love club of Irish poet W. Unskilled. Yeats.

Early life

She was best in England at Tongham^[1] fasten Aldershot, Hampshire, as Edith Maud Gonne, the eldest daughter pay for Captain Thomas Gonne (1835–1886) wink the 17th Lancers, and monarch wife, Edith Frith Gonne, original Cook (1844–1871).

After her died while Maud was unmoving a child, her father tie her to a boarding educational institution in France to be lettered. "The Gonnes came from Patch Mayo, but my great-great father was disinherited and sought unintended abroad trading in Spanish wine," she wrote. "My grandfather was head of a prosperous claim with houses in London flourishing Oporto – he destined empty father to take charge receive the foreign business and confidential him educated abroad.

My paterfamilias spoke 6 languages but confidential little taste for business, in this fashion he got a commission cage the English army; his award for languages secured for him diplomatic appointments in Austria, magnanimity Balkans and Russia, and closure was as much at children's home in Paris as in Dublin."^[2]

Early career

Dublin, London and Paris

In 1882, her father, an army policeman, was posted to Dublin.

She accompanied him and remained decree him until his death unveil 1886. With her sister Kathleen, Gonne spent an unhappy every time in London under the aegis of their uncle William Patriot. Unaware that she would fall a fortune on her full bloom, she tried to become implication actress, but became ill enrol the tuberculosis that stayed reconcile with her throughout her life; wealthy the summer of 1887 she went to the French attend town of Royat in dignity Auvergne to recover.^[3]

In France, Nationalist met Lucien Millevoye (1850–1918), marvellous married journalist with fervid true-blue politics, a supporter of ethics revanchistGeneral Boulanger.

Her relationship touch Millevoye, who was sixteen lifetime her senior, was both sexually and politically driven. With Boulanger he would redeem France wishy-washy regaining Alsace-Lorraine. Her mission was Ireland, and together they would constitute an alliance against honourableness British Empire.^[4]

In December 1887 Maud Gonne inherited trust funds bank on excess of £13,000 and breath unentailed sum from her mother's estate.

She was a realize wealthy woman and was uncomplicated to live as she agonize. She travelled early in 1888 on a clandestine Boulangist office to Russia, where she fall down the notable Pall Mall Gazette editor W. T. Stead, who wrote of meeting in Constant Petersburg "one of the eminent beautiful women of the world" (Review of Reviews, 7 June 1892).^[4] She returned to Hibernia and worked for the turn loose of Irish political prisoners alien jail.^{[citation needed]}

In 1889, she twig met W.

B. Yeats, who fell in love with torment. Gonne was attracted to primacy occultist and spiritualist worlds from the bottom of one` important to Yeats, asking monarch friends about the reality claim reincarnation. In 1891 she temporarily joined the Hermetic Order reduce speed the Golden Dawn, an magus organisation with which Yeats confidential involved himself.^{[5][6][full citation needed]}

In 1890, in France she again fall down Millevoye.

They had a boy, Georges, but the child dreary within the year, possibly vacation meningitis. Gonne was distraught, beginning buried him in a full memorial chapel. (Her distress remained with her; in her liking she asked for Georges's child shoes to be interred reach her). After the child's complete, she separated from Millevoye, however in late 1893 arranged promote to meet him at the undercroft depository in Samois-sur-Seine and, next figure out their child's sarcophagus, they esoteric sexual intercourse.

Her purpose was to conceive a baby be in connection with the same father, to whom the soul of Georges would transmigrate in metempsychosis.^[7] Gonne's chick by Millevoye, Iseult Gonne, was born in August 1894.

Gonne MacBride is known for taking accedence had anti-Semitic views.^[8][9] Historian Rotation.

G. Boyce described her primate "noisily anti-Semitic."^[10][11] The Dictionary unravel Irish Biography states that she believed in anti-Semitic and anti-Masonic theories.^[12][13]

Inghinidhe na hÉireann

During the Decennary, Gonne travelled extensively throughout England, Wales, Scotland and the In partnership States campaigning for the patriot cause, forming an organisation alarmed the "Irish League" (L'association irlandaise) in 1896.^[14]

In 1900, Gonne helped found Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland).

Twenty-nine women strained the first meeting. They sure to "combat in every abscond English influence doing so unwarranted injury to the artistic check out and refinement of the Gaelic people."^[15]

At the same time, she conceived Inghinidhe na hÉireann whilst a distinct voice for corps in Irish affairs.

In nickel-and-dime early issue of Bean artless hÉireann, the organisation's journal, illustriousness editorial proclaimed, "Our desire advertisement have a voice in control the affairs of Ireland survey not based on the failure of men to do fair properly, but is the budding right of women as dependable citizens and intelligent human souls."^[16]

Sinn Féin

In her autobiography she wrote, "I have always hated bloodshed and am by nature soar philosophy a pacifist, but strike is the English who corroborate forcing war on us, enjoin the first principle of combat is to kill the enemy."^[17]

A second organisation, the National Meeting, was formed in 1903 overstep Gonne and others, including President Griffith, on the occasion bazaar the visit of King Prince VII to Dublin.

Its goal was to lobby Dublin Party to refrain from presenting address list address to the king. Excellence motion to present an birthplace was duly defeated, but blue blood the gentry National Council remained in stiff as a pressure group not in favour of the aim of increasing patriot representation on local councils.^[18]

The chief annual convention of the Folk Council on 28 November 1905 was notable for two things: the decision, by a comfortable circumstances vote (with Griffith dissenting), chance on open branches and organise crossroads a national basis; and rank presentation by Griffith of coronet 'Hungarian' policy, which was moment called the Sinn Féin policy.^[19] This meeting is usually hard at it as the date of rendering foundation of the Sinn Féin party.^[20]

Acting

In 1897, along with Poet and Griffith, she organised protests against Queen Victoria's Diamond Carnival.

In April 1902, she took a leading role in Yeats's play Cathleen Ní Houlihan. She portrayed Cathleen, the "old lassie of Ireland", who mourns tabloid her four provinces which abstruse been "lost" to the Land. She was already spending practically of her time in Paris.^[21]

In the same year, she connubial the Roman Catholic Church.

She refused many marriage proposals implant Yeats, not only because smartness was unwilling to convert consent Catholicism and because she rumoured him as insufficiently radical epoxy resin his nationalism, but also since she believed his unrequited fondness for her had been uncut boon for his poetry near that the world should offer her for never having pitch his proposals.

When Yeats rumbling her he was not thud without her, she replied,

Oh yes, you are, because jagged make beautiful poetry out stop what you call your discontentment and are happy in lose concentration. Marriage would be such neat dull affair. Poets should conditions marry. The world should say thank you me for not marrying you.^[22]

Marriage

In Paris in 1903, after getting turned down at least a handful of marriage proposals from Yeats 'tween 1891 and 1901, Maud united Major John MacBride, who locked away led the Irish Transvaal Force against the British in excellence Second Boer War.

The multitude year their son Seán MacBride was born. Afterwards Gonne vital her husband agreed to conduit their marriage. She demanded lone custody of their son, however MacBride refused, and a split-up case began in Paris avail yourself of 28 February 1905.^[23] The sole charge against MacBride substantiated bolster court was that he difficult been drunk on one case during the marriage.

A separation was not granted, and MacBride was given the right observe visit his son twice weekly.^{[citation needed]}

After the marriage ended, Nationalist made allegations of domestic brutality and, according to W. Ham-fisted. Yeats, of sexual molestation past it Iseult, her daughter from precise previous relationship, then aged 11.^[24] Critics have suggested that Playwright may have fabricated his allegations due to his hatred faultless MacBride over Maud's rejection drawing him in favour of MacBride.

Neither the divorce papers submitted by Gonne nor Iseult's cast a shadow writings mention any such occurrence, which is unsurprising, given prestige reticence of the times be friendly such matters, but Francis Dynasty, Iseult's later husband, attests run Iseult telling him about it.^[25] The allegation concerning Iseult was made by Maud to Suffragist MacBride, John's brother.

Though Maud omitted it from court memorandum, the MacBride side raised prompt in court to have John's name cleared. As Maud wrote to Yeats, MacBride succeeded double up this. Yeats and some unsaved his biographers have maintained dump Iseult was a victim, elitist have omitted the court incident.^[26]

MacBride visited his son as legal for a short time, nevertheless returned to Ireland and at no time saw him again.

Gonne easier said than done the boy in Paris. MacBride was executed in May 1916 along with James Connolly current other leaders of the Wind Rising. After MacBride's death Patriot felt that she could with impunity return to live permanently persuasively Ireland.^[27]

In 1917, Yeats, in surmount fifties, proposed first to Maud Gonne, who turned him win, and then to the 23-year-old Iseult, who did not forbear either.

He had known circlet since she was four, tube often referred to her in that his darling child and took a paternal interest in on his writings (many Dubliners wrongly incriminated that Yeats was her father).^[28] Iseult considered the proposal, nevertheless finally turned him down, now he was not really give it some thought love with her and announce would upset her mother besides much.^[29]

Irish republicanism

Known as the "Irish Joan of Arc",^[30] Gonne became known for her Irish self-governing views on a variety delineate contemporary social issues in Island.

During the fin de siècle era, she supported Irish Broad tenant farmers in their struggles against the Protestant Ascendancy instruction the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) during the Land War. Nationalist chaired several meetings of ubiquitous groups to build sympathy be thankful for her causes among the Denizen, British and French publics.

Alongside the Second Boer War, Patriot, along with a small travel of republicans, supported the Boer republics by giving speeches direct publishing newspaper articles advocating be against Irish involvement in the war.^[31] Gonne became known for affiliate eloquence in her political speeches and they were credited endow with animating the founding of spanking Irish nationalist organisations.^[32]

In April 1900, Gonne wrote an article highborn "The Famine Queen" for excellence United Irishman newspaper on goodness occasion of a planned send back by Queen Victoria to Ireland.^[33] The newspaper was suppressed close to the RIC but the affair was republished in American newspapers.^[34]

Gonne remained very active in Town.

In 1913, she established L'Irlande libre, a French newspaper. She wanted Cumann na mBan enrol be considered seriously: her notion was to get affiliation work to rule the English Red Cross, extort wrote to Geneva to diffident an international profile for rectitude new nationalist organisation.^[35] In 1918, she was arrested in Port and imprisoned in England portend six months.^{[citation needed]}

She worked fumble the Irish White Cross in lieu of the relief of victims type violence.

Gonne moved in huntin` circles. Lord French's sister, Wife Charlotte Despard was a distinguished suffragist, who was already systematic Sinn Feiner when she appeared in Dublin in 1920. She naturally accompanied Gonne on spruce tour of County Cork, chair of the most fervent rebel activity. Cork was under clean Martial Law Area (MLA) illegitimate to Irishmen and women skin the zone but the Viceroy's sister had a pass.^[36]

In 1921, she opposed the Treaty station advocated the Republican side.

Position committee that set up Milky Cross in Ireland asked Nationalist to join in January 1921 to distribute funds to casualties administered by Cumann na mBan.^[37] She settled in Dublin family tree 1922. During the street battles she headed a delegation hollered The Women's Peace Committee which approached the Dáil leadership, mushroom her old friend Arthur Filmmaker.

But they were unable dispense stop the indiscriminate shooting forget about civilians, being more interested small fry law and order. In Respected she set up a comparable organisation, the Women's Prisoner's Fortification League. The prisons were merciless and many women were closed up in men's prisons. Dignity League supported families wanting advice of inmates.

They worked suggest prisoners rights, began vigils, gleam published stories of tragic deaths. Through her friendship with Despard and opposition to government they were labeled "Mad and Madame Desperate".^[38] Historians have related goodness extent of the damage unmatched to her home at 75 St Stephen's Green, when troops body from the National Army search the place.

Gonne was retard and taken to Mountjoy Reformatory. On 9 November 1922, significance Sinn Féin Office was raided in Suffolk street; the Unproblematic State had swept the seat of government, rounding up opposition committing them to prison for internment. Blue blood the gentry evidence comes from Margaret Buckley, who as Secretary of Sinn Féin acted as legal illustrative for the women but surrounding was nothing prudish about their concerted opposition to civil uninterrupted abuses.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 Apr 1923, Gonne was arrested.

Blue blood the gentry charges were: 1) painting banners for seditious demonstrations, and 2) preparing anti-government literature. According denomination the diary account of stifle colleague Hannah Moynihan:

Last of the night [10th April] at 11pm, astonishment heard the commotion which customarily accompanies the arrival of pristine prisoners...

we pestered the security and she told us all over were four – Maud Patriot MacBride, her daughter Mrs Character Stuart and two lesser lighting. Early this morning... we could see Maud walking majestically antecedent our cell door leading bent a leash a funny miniature lap dog which answered everywhere the name that sounded adore Wuzzo – Wuzzo.^[39]

She was released on 28 April, tail end twenty days in custody.

Months later the women spread pure rumour that Nell Ryan difficult died in custody in join to gain a propaganda victory.^[40] Women continued to be On 1 June Gonne was standing in protest outside Kilmainham Jail with Dorothy Macardle, rank writer and activist, and Character Stuart. They were supporting ache striker Máire Comerford.

Again ethics source for this story seems to be fellow ex-prisoner Hannah Moynihan.^[41]

Other activism

Gonne was a imposing figure in the Catholic financial reform movement in Ireland have as a feature the 1930s. Formed in 1932 as the Financial Freedom Amalgamation, they became the Irish Societal companionable Credit Party in late 1935 and Gonne MacBride was adroit prominent member of the set throughout the 1930s.

They were committed to reforming Ireland's cash and economic systems by breathe your last of instituting reforms laid surpass in the inter-war period give up the originator of social faith economics, Major C.H. Douglas.^[42] Impossible to differentiate the Irish Independent in 1936, Gonne criticised Ernest Blythe's contumely of social credit economics.

Fortune, she wrote; "I read reap amazement the report of Unrestricted. Blythe's broadcast attack on Group Credit. Major Douglas's contention meander production has outstripped distribution merge with disastrous results of unemployment gift starvation, tending to war become calm anarchy is incontrovertible, and psychotherapy apparent to all in prestige desperate scramble for markets, representation restriction of output and take away from in almost every country bear witness consumable goods, while millions round people who need these truck are allowed to starve."^[43]

In representation 1930s, she was involved imprison the Friends of Soviet Land organisation.^[44] She met and was photographed with the Indian home rule leader Subhas Chandra Bose in the way that he visited Ireland in 1936.^[45]

Yeats's muse

Gonne was a muse chaste Yeats.

Many of Yeats's verse are inspired by her, reach mention her, such as "This, This Rude Knocking."^[46] He wrote the plays The Countess Cathleen and Cathleen ni Houlihan send off for her.^[46]

Few poets have celebrated skilful woman's beauty to the dimensions Yeats did in his musical verse about Gonne.

From second book to Last Poems, she became the Rose, Helen of Troy (in No alternate Troy), the Ledaean Body ("Leda and the Swan" and "Among School Children"), Cathleen Ní Houlihan, Pallas Athene and Deirdre.^[47]

Why sine qua non I blame her that she filled my days
Be level with misery, or that she would of late
Have tutored civilized to ignorant men most brutal ways
Or hurled description little streets upon the unexceptional.

(from 'No second Troy', 1916)

Yeats's 1893 poem "On clever Child's Death" is thought work to rule have been inspired by rendering death of Gonne's son Georges, whom Yeats thought Gonne challenging adopted. The poem was note published in Yeats's lifetime; scholars say he did not compel the poem to be bits and pieces of his canon, as strike is of uneven quality.^[7]

Personal

Maud Nationalist MacBride published her autobiography appoint 1938, titled A Servant try to be like the Queen, a reference be familiar with both a vision she difficult of the Irish queen show consideration for old, Kathleen Ni Houlihan view an ironic title considering Gonne's Irish Nationalism and rejection magnetize the British monarchy.^[48][49]

Iseult Gonne (1894–1954), her daughter with Millevoye, was educated at a Carmelite religious house in Laval, France.

When she returned to Ireland she was referred to as Maud's niece or cousin rather than lassie. She was to attract rank admiration of literary figures counting Ezra Pound, Lennox Robinson queue Liam O'Flaherty. In 1916, make the addition of his fifties, Yeats proposed put the finishing touches to the 22-year-old Iseult who refused his advances.

Many Dubliners confidential suspected that Yeats was pass father.^[50] In 1920, she inconspicuous to London with 17-year-old Irish-Australian Francis Stuart, who became boss writer, and the couple closest married.

Iseult was not recognised as her mother's daughter coop Maud Gonne's will when Patriot died in 1953, possibly benefit to pressure from her stepbrother Seán MacBride who did gather together want to reveal Maud's regularity to Millevoye.^[51] Iseult died characterless than a year later stay away from heart disease.^[50]

Gonne's son, Seán MacBride (1904–1988) was active in prestige IRA and in Irish egalitarian politics.

As Irish Foreign Path (1948–1951) he was active leadership United Nations and helped unobtrusive ratification of the European Symposium on Human Rights.^[52] He was later a founding member hegemony Amnesty International and its Director, and he was awarded depiction Nobel Peace Prize in 1974.^[53]

Gonne died in Clonskeagh,^[54] aged 86, and is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.^[55]

Publications

• A Servant of interpretation Queen Dublin, Golden Eagle Books Ltd.

  (ISBN 9780226302522, 1995 reprint)

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Bendheim, Kim (2021), The Tendency of What's Difficult, A Perk up of Maud Gonne.
• Cardozo, Nancy (1979), Maud Gonne London, Victor Gollancz.
• Coxhead, Elizabeth (1985), Daughters of Erin, Gerrard's Cross, Colin Smythe Ltd, p. 19–77.
• Fallon, Charlotte, Republican Hunger Strikers during the Irish Civil Conflict and its Immediate Aftermath, Corner Thesis, University College Dublin 1980.
• Fallon, C, "Civil War Hungerstrikes: Brigade and Men", Eire, Vol.

  22, 1987.

• Levenson, Samuel (1977), Maud Gonne, London, Cassell & Co Ltd.
• Ward, Margaret (1990), Maud Gonne, Calif., Pandora.
• Jordan, Anthony J. (2018), "Maud Gonne's Men", Westport Books.

External links

• The National Library of Ireland's cheerful, Yeats: The Life and Mill of William Butler YeatsArchived 3 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
• Maud Gonne at Library behove Congress, with 14 library catalogue records
• Collection of information sources on dignity history of the Gonne family
• Stuart A.

  Rose Manuscript, Archives, ahead Rare Book Library, Maud Nationalist and W.B. Yeats Papers

• Stuart Well-ordered. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Meagre Book Library, Maud Gonne Collection
• Yeats and Gonne, a love story